Everything You Need to Know About CBD for Your Pet

German Shepherd wearing a US flag bandana in front of a US flag. Treat bag in front with Pet Releaf CBD for stress relief

There are a lot of things to consider when selecting a CBD product for your pet. With an exorbitant number of available products, it’s difficult to narrow down. We’re here to help by providing all the vet-approved recommendations, recent research, and manufacturer considerations so you can pick the best product for your cat or dog.

Here’s What You Need To Know:

How CBD Works

CBD (Cannabidiol) is a compound derived from the hemp plant, which is a variety of Cannabis sativa. Unlike marijuana, hemp contains very low levels of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), the psychoactive compound that causes a “high.” CBD products derived from hemp must contain less than 0.3% THC, ensuring they are non-psychoactive and safe for pets. CBD works by interacting with the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in mammals, which plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis, affecting processes such as mood, pain perception, appetite, and immune response.

How CBD Helps Pets

CBD interacts with your dog’s endocannabinoid system, which includes cannabinoid receptors dispersed throughout the central nervous system. The body naturally produces endocannabinoid compounds that bind to these receptors, promoting the production of serotonin, a natural mood regulator. Studies have shown that CBD can enhance serotonin activity by interacting with the nervous system, helping to calm your dog.

Anxiety & Stress Reduction

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is crucial for modulating emotional behavior, including responses to stress and anxiety. Key components of the ECS, such as CB1 receptors and the enzyme FAAH, are found in brain areas associated with stress, fear, and emotions.

CBD is increasingly used by dog owners to manage anxiety, which can manifest as noise phobia, separation anxiety, aggression, or fear. Unlike traditional anti-anxiety drugs, CBD is under study for its lack of harmful side effects. Human users commonly take CBD for pain, anxiety, and depression, with many reporting significant standalone effectiveness. CBD has shown promise in treating anxiety and insomnia in children with PTSD, and animal studies suggest it has antidepressant effects. When administered orally to dogs, CBD can alleviate stress in as little as 5 to 20 minutes, though consistent daily doses are recommended for optimal anxiety management.

Regarding the clinical efficacy of CBD in treating behavioral disorders in dogs, only three studies have been conducted. Morris et al. (2020) found no anxiolytic effect of CBD (1.4 mg/kg given 4-6 hours before testing) on behavioral responses to fear-inducing stimuli (fireworks). The lack of effect may be due to the timing and dosage used, which might not have been sufficient to elicit a measurable response.

In contrast, Corsetti et al. (2021) aimed to determine if CBD (~1.25 mg/kg once daily for 45 days) could affect stress-related behavior in shelter dogs. They reported a decrease in aggressive behavior toward humans in the CBD group, though this reduction was not statistically significant. Other stress-related behaviors, such as displacing activities and stereotypes, did not decrease, suggesting that the dosage or duration of treatment might not have been adequate for more pronounced effects.

Hunt et al. (2021) demonstrated an anxiolytic effect of a higher CBD dose (~4 mg/kg given 2 hours before testing) in dogs experiencing separation events or car travel. This higher dosage and timing likely contributed to the observed reduction in anxiety, indicating that the effectiveness of CBD may be dose-dependent and situation-specific.

Pain Management & Osteoarthritis

When dogs experience joint pain, vets often prescribe NSAIDs or medications like Gabapentin, despite their potential to harm joints, soft tissues, liver, and kidneys. CBD offers a natural anti-inflammatory alternative without these risks. Common reasons for using CBD oil in dogs include arthritis, hip and elbow dysplasia, sprains, strains, and torn ligaments (CCL), aiming to alleviate joint problems effectively and safely.

The use of cannabis for pain relief dates back over 1,500 years. With the discovery of cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids, and their associated pathways, research has demonstrated the role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in pain modulation. Preclinical studies have identified endocannabinoid receptors and cannabinoids in both central and peripheral structures involved in pain regulation, showing their effects on various types of pain. These studies indicate that endocannabinoids can reduce pain and inflammation by interacting with CB1 and CB2 receptors and other receptor types, inhibiting pain signals and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Research on dogs, particularly those with osteoarthritis (OA), has shown that CBD significantly reduces pain and enhances activity levels, improving quality of life. Various studies, including randomized clinical trials, have confirmed these findings, demonstrating that CBD can effectively alleviate pain and improve mobility in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis.

To learn more about pain & OA, read our blogs:

Epilepsy

It’s estimated that about 5% of dogs suffer from epileptic seizures. They can be terrifying for both dogs and their humans. Most veterinarians treat epilepsy with antiepileptic drugs like  phenobarbital or potassium bromide. These drugs aren’t always effective and come with side effects. CBD is an all-natural option for dogs with epilepsy. A whopping 89% of dogs that received the CBD had a reduction in seizures in scientific studies. In human trials, CBD even worked in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. In one study, 7 out of 8 patients saw a marked improvement within 4 to 5 months.

Although the exact mechanisms remain unclear, studies suggest that activating the CB1 receptor reduces glutamate release, stabilizes neuronal activity, and modulates GABAergic functions, contributing to its anticonvulsant effects. CBD is thought to modulate neuronal excitability through multiple pathways, including interactions with various receptors and the regulation of calcium and sodium currents. Clinical studies in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy have shown promising results, with CBD significantly reducing seizure frequency, stabilizing neuronal activity, and providing an anti-epileptic effect.

Cancer

Cancer poses a significant health risk for dogs, with half of adult dogs affected. Treatment options like chemotherapy and radiation can bring challenges such as pain and nausea. Researchers are exploring CBD as a potential cancer therapy, supported by studies showing its ability to slow mammary and pancreatic cancer cell growth in mice. CBD has demonstrated cancer-fighting properties, including sensitizing cancer cells to treatment and blocking energy production, while boosting the immune system’s ability to target cancer cells. Additionally, CBD can alleviate treatment-related nausea and significantly reduce cancer-associated pain, offering potential benefits in managing canine cancer care.

Skin Diseases & Allergies

The body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a vital role in maintaining skin health by regulating inflammation, itchiness, and pain. One key compound, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), helps protect the skin through its natural healing effects. In dogs, skin cells like keratinocytes have receptors that respond to cannabinoids, with increased activity seen in dogs with skin allergies.

Studies show that PEA can reduce skin inflammation and itching in dogs by calming immune responses, particularly in conditions like allergic dermatitis. CBD doesn’t directly bind with these receptors but can influence them indirectly, potentially easing inflammation and discomfort.

Recent research on dogs with skin issues like atopic dermatitis suggests that CBD treatments can significantly reduce itching without causing major side effects, indicating promise for managing canine skin conditions naturally.

Key Considerations When Choosing CBD Products

Choosing the right CBD product for your pet can be a daunting task, as not all products are created equal, and quality can vary widely. In the crowded market of CBD products, ranging from oils to treats, it’s crucial to understand what distinguishes a reliable option from the rest. Price often reflects quality, and investing in a reputable product can make a significant difference in its effectiveness and safety for your pet. With numerous choices available, navigating through them requires careful consideration of factors such as ingredients, potency, and formulation. Here’s a guide to help you navigate the complexities and choose the best CBD product for your pet’s needs.

Full vs Broad Spectrum CBD

When deciding between full-spectrum and broad-spectrum CBD for your dog, understanding the nuances of each can help you make an informed choice tailored to your pet’s needs. Full-spectrum CBD contains a comprehensive array of cannabinoids, including trace amounts of THC (less than 0.3%), and terpenes derived naturally from hemp. This combination offers what is known as the entourage effect, where these compounds work synergistically to potentially enhance the therapeutic benefits of CBD. For many pet owners, this holistic approach is appealing, as it maximizes the potential health effects of hemp-derived products.

On the other hand, broad-spectrum CBD, while THC-free, undergoes additional processing to eliminate THC while retaining other cannabinoids and terpenes. This refinement can appeal to owners seeking to avoid any THC content whatsoever in their pet’s CBD regimen, albeit with a slight reduction in the entourage effect compared to full-spectrum varieties. Broad-spectrum CBD products are often preferred for those looking to avoid any risk of THC exposure, which is a consideration for pet owners cautious about regulatory or psychoactive implications.

An example study administering a once-daily oral dose of broad-spectrum THC-free CBD to healthy adult dogs over six months underscores its potential efficacy in maintaining wellness. This research highlights the importance of selecting CBD products backed by transparent third-party testing, ensuring they meet safety standards and contain the desired spectrum of cannabinoids and terpenes. Whether opting for full-spectrum or broad-spectrum CBD, verifying the certificate of analysis is crucial to confirming the product’s composition and quality, thereby supporting informed decision-making in your pet’s health regimen.

Certificate of Analysis (COA)

When evaluating CBD oil for your dog, obtaining a certificate of analysis (COA) is essential to ensure product quality and safety. A COA details the cannabinoid content in the CBD product and verifies its potency. It serves as a crucial safeguard against substandard products. When reviewing the COA, focus on several key aspects:

  1. Confirm that the CBD content matches what is stated on the product label, as discrepancies can occur.
    • Full Spectrum: Look for terms like “full spectrum” or “whole plant extract” on the product label. These indicate that the product contains a wide range of cannabinoids, including THC (though legally within 0.3% in hemp-derived products).
    • Broad Spectrum: Products labeled as “broad spectrum” indicate that they contain multiple cannabinoids and terpenes, but with THC removed or reduced to non-detectable levels. This type is often preferred by those who want to avoid THC entirely.
    • Additionally, confirm that the CBD content listed on the label matches the information on the COA. For instance, if the label states “500 mg CBD,” ensure the COA specifies the same amount to verify consistency.
    • Some lab tests express CBD content in mg/g. To determine the total CBD amount in the product, multiply the CBD concentration per gram (mg/g) by the total weight of the bottle in grams.
      • For example, if the COA reports 16.9 mg/g CBD and the bottle weighs 30 grams (typical for a 1-ounce dropper bottle), the total CBD content would be 507 mg (16.9 mg/g x 30 grams).
  1. Verify if the CBD is full or broad-spectrum
    • Full Spectrum: Look for a COA that shows not just CBD, but also other cannabinoids like THC, CBG, CBC, etc. These should be present in varying amounts. If the CBD was made from an isolate, it is not full spectrum.
    • Broad Spectrum: The COA will show CBD and other cannabinoids, but THC should either be absent or present only in trace amounts below the legal limit of 0.3%.
  2. Check that THC levels are below 0.03% to comply with legal limits and prevent psychoactive effects
  3. Ensure that testing was conducted by a third-party laboratory to validate quality claims independently
  4. Confirm the product is organic by examining the COA for contaminants such as pesticides and heavy metals, which can affect the purity and safety of the CBD oil.

CO2 Extraction

CO2 extraction utilizes carbon dioxide in a high-pressure chamber to extract oil from the hemp plant. This method results in oils with a higher concentration of CBD, maximizing the benefits for your pet. While CO2 extraction can lead to higher product costs, it ensures a purer and more effective supplement compared to other methods.

In contrast, solvent extraction involves using chemicals like propane, butane, or petroleum products to extract oil from hemp. These solvents can leave residues that may be harmful to your dog’s health. Some CBD products use natural solvents such as ethanol or olive oil, which are safer but may not preserve all beneficial plant components due to the breakdown of hemp waxes during extraction. Thus, while safer, these methods may result in less beneficial CBD oil for your pet. When selecting CBD products, opting for those extracted via CO2 ensures a safer and more potent supplement for your dog’s well-being.

Product Development

CBD, when extracted from Cannabis sativa (or hemp) plants, starts as a waxy or oily substance. This raw form of CBD can be processed into various product forms, including oil-based and water-soluble CBD, each with unique characteristics and benefits. The way CBD is processed effects it’s bioavailability due to first pass metabolism. First pass metabolism happens when you take any nutritional compound, whether vitamin or CBD. When a substance is ingested orally, it is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and transported via the portal vein to the liver. Here, enzymes metabolize the substance, breaking it down and reducing its active concentration. This metabolic process can greatly diminish the bioavailability of the drug, meaning that a lesser amount of the active substance enters the bloodstream and is available for therapeutic effect.

  • Oil-Based: When oil-based CBD is consumed, it undergoes first-pass metabolism in the liver, where a substantial portion of the CBD is metabolized and excreted before it can exert its effects. This results in slower onset and lower overall bioavailability, sometimes as low as 6%. Manufacturers are usually careful about formulating their products in a way that lets enough of an active ingredient into your bloodstream. There are many benefits to oil-based CBD products:
    • Widely Available: Oil-based CBD products are more common and often less expensive than water-soluble versions.
    • Variety: Available in many forms, including capsules, gummies, oils, creams, and lotions.
    • Cost: Typically more affordable.
    • Oil Types: Typically paired with hemp oil or coconut oil.
  • Water-Soluble: Can be administered sublingually or with food and bypass the liver during metabolism because this CBD is designed to disperse in water. Given that about 60% of the human body is water, this format allows for more efficient absorption into the bloodstream. The benefits to using a water-soluble CBD:
    • Higher Bioavailability: More CBD reaches the bloodstream, maximizing the product’s efficacy.
    • Faster Absorption: Water-soluble CBD achieves peak concentration in about 40 minutes.
    • Improved Taste: Unlike oil-based products, water-soluble CBD doesn’t have the strong flavors of carrier oils, making it more palatable and versatile in food and drinks.
    • 3 Types of Water-Soluble CBD:
      1. Nanoemulsion: Utilizing ultrasound or high shear mixers, CBD oil is broken down into tiny emulsified droplets. These nanoemulsions enhance bioavailability due to their small size, facilitating better tissue penetration. A 2019 study demonstrated that nanoemulsified CBD was absorbed more effectively in rats compared to oil-based CBD solutions.
      2. Microemulsion: Similar to nanoemulsion but with slightly larger particles, resulting in lower bioavailability.
      3. Liposomes: These involve a water-resistant layer around oil droplets, protecting CBD from premature digestion and enhancing absorption. Liposomes are microscopic spheres composed of cholesterol and non-toxic fatty acids called phospholipids. These fat-soluble molecules encapsulate nutrients, facilitating their efficient delivery to tissues, cells, and systems. Liposomal CBD increases the bioavailability of CBD, meaning more of the substance reaches its intended receptors in the body. Liposomal CBD products can deliver CBD up to four times faster than traditional carrier oils. Liposomal CBD is more efficient in delivery, making it a preferred choice for those seeking maximum benefit from their CBD products. While liposomal CBD enhances absorption, it doesn’t necessarily make the product “stronger” or “healthier.” The method of ingestion and individual factors influence CBD’s efficacy.

Product Form

  • Tinctures and Oils: Administered directly into the pet’s mouth for precise dosage adjustments. May not be easy for all pet parents, but liposomal formulas can be added to food for easier administration.
  • Treats: Easier to administer but less precise with dosage. Preferred by some pets, especially cats, due to taste and palatability.
  • Creams and Topical Treatments: Used for localized issues such as skin irritations, allergies, and joint pain. Applied directly to the skin for targeted relief.

Dosing and Administration

Administering the correct dosage of CBD is crucial for its effectiveness. Here’s a general guide:

Starting Dosage

In general, we recommend starting on the dose recommended by the manufacturer, based on your pet’s body weight and medical condition.

However, if you’d like to begin at a lower dose, we recommend starting with 0.5mg/kg of your pet’s body weight (or, 0.227 mg/lb), administered once or twice daily. We have not seen much success utilizing CBD as a sole-agent at lower doses. These lower doses can be beneficial in very mild cases. Adjust the dose as needed based on your pet’s response. There is no need to increase unless the lower dose stops working. If that happens, increase the dose to by another 0.5mg/kg (or, 0.227 mg/lb) and only continue increasing if your pet needs it. Research suggests long-term daily feeding of CBD at 4mg/kg body weight (or 1.814 mg/lb body weight) is safe for healthy dogs and cats. We find we can go anywhere from about 2 to 10 mg/kg. Realistically, 10mg/kg starts getting more into chemotherapeutic doses and wouldn’t be relevant for anxiety.

I tend to start my recommendations for CBD at 0.5 mg per kilogram. I have not seen much success utilizing CBD as a soul agent at the lower dosages. Those lower dosages can be beneficial in very mild cases, but most of my owners utilizing this tend to be past that stage. That’s the recommendation that I’ve gotten from elevette and the research I’ve read on them in the past. I would tell you that clinically. I’ve also seen 0.5 mg per kilogram tend to be the most effective dose. And I find that we can go anywhere from about 2 to 10 mg/kg (0.91 to 4.54 mg/lb). Realistically 10 mg/kg starts getting more into chemotherapeutic doses and wouldn’t be relevant for anxiety.

Administration Method

Each product type requires a different administration. Follow the instructions on the product label to ensure maximum benefit. Don’t be afraid to change product type depending on your pet’s individual preferences and behaviors.

When to Administer CBD

Research suggests administering CBD 30-120 minutes before desired time for maximum effect (e.g., before fireworks, vet visits, etc). Research also suggests that for some conditions, like stress, CBD may be more effective when given as a daily dose.

What to Expect After Administrating CBD

When considering CBD for your pet, understanding its effects and duration is crucial. Here’s a comprehensive overview:

Effectiveness of CBD

Studies, such as those involving ElleVet Calm and Comfort, indicate positive responses in dogs, with 83% (20 out of 24) experiencing reduced stress or anxiety-related behaviors. However, 17% (4 out of 24) reported no noticeable effect.

Onset of Effects

The onset of CBD effects varies:

  • 41% of owners noticed effects within 60 minutes.
  • 25% observed effects after 120 minutes.
  • 20.83% saw effects within 15 minutes.
  • 12.5% reported effects starting at 30 minutes. Timing of onset tends to peak around 60 minutes, with 75% of dogs responding within this timeframe.

Duration of Effects

CBD’s calming effects typically last 6-8 hours in a dog’s system. For sustained relief, regular administration is recommended. For instance, before stressful events like trips, starting CBD a few days prior and every 6-8 hours on the day of the event can optimize its effectiveness. For conditions like joint discomfort, improvement may take a week or two to fully manifest.

Safety and Side Effects

CBD is generally well-tolerated by pets. According to the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association, common side effects include:

  • Sedation (19%)
  • Increased appetite (5%)
  • Mild lethargy (4%)
  • Rare occurrences of dry mouth, nausea, or vomiting (less than 2% each). These effects are usually mild and may be beneficial, particularly for pets dealing with seizures, anxiety, or pain. It’s crucial to select CBD products specifically formulated for pets and avoid those with potentially harmful additives.

Duration in the System

CBD typically remains detectable in a dog’s system for at least 24 hours, influenced by factors like dosage, potency, and the pet’s size. Higher potency CBD products may extend this duration.

Recommended CBD Products for Pets

When considering CBD products for your pets, here are three companies that stand out due to their commitment to scientific research and product quality:

ElleVet Sciences

ElleVet Sciences has demonstrated their dedication to pet health through rigorous scientific studies, including a notable study on dogs with osteoarthritis conducted at Cornell University. They offer a broad-spectrum, oil-based product line that includes options for both dogs and cats. ElleVet is also recognized for innovation, having developed a cat paste formulation specifically for finicky eaters. They provide a product quiz to help pet owners find the most suitable CBD solutions tailored to their pets’ needs and offer a wide range of products including chews, soft gels, oils, dental sticks, and pastes.

Applied Basic Sciences Corporation (ABSC)

ABSC is known for its collaboration with Colorado State University, where their products were tested in clinical trials focusing on dogs and epilepsy. The company emphasizes safety and efficacy, with their products undergoing double-blinded, placebo-controlled studies. ABSC offers a small range of broad-spectrum CBD oils.

Pet Releaf

For pet owners seeking a liposomal formulated product, Pet Releaf is recommended. They offer a range of full-spectrum CBD products for dogs and cats, using organic ingredients and CO2 extraction for purity. Pet Releaf emphasizes transparency by providing a Certificate of Analysis (COA) from third-party testing. They also offer a helpful product finder to assist pet owners in choosing the best product for their pet’s needs.

Tips for Researching CBD Products

When exploring CBD options online, it’s crucial to conduct thorough research:

  • Evaluate Reviews: Look beyond marketing claims and explore impartial customer reviews, including both positive and negative feedback.
  • Company Background: Investigate the company’s history and reputation. Check if they’ve faced legal issues or FDA penalties related to false claims. Determine if they collaborate with veterinary professionals or institutions.

By taking these steps, you can make informed decisions and choose CBD products that prioritize your pet’s health and well-being. Transparency and scientific validation are key when selecting CBD for your beloved companions.

Safety Reminder

Always monitor your pet after starting CBD and consult with a vet, especially if your pet is on other medications, as CBD can affect how these are metabolized. Keeping a detailed journal or recording observations can help track any changes in behavior or health. Look out for potential side effects such as dry mouth, tremors, or drowsiness, which may indicate the need for professional advice. It’s also essential to maintain open communication with your veterinarian about any supplements or medications your pet is taking, including CBD. Consider alternative approaches for concerns like anxiety or pain management, and ensure that CBD products are stored securely to prevent unintended consumption. By approaching CBD use with caution and awareness, you can prioritize your pet’s safety and well-being effectively.

Where Can I Learn More?

Find out more about how to keep your pet calm:

  • Watch Dr. Douglas Dean’s 4th of July recommendations here.
  • See WoofDoctor on Wheels recommended
    • Calming products for dogs here.
    • Enrichment products for dogs here.
  • Read How to Create a Safe Space for your dog here.
  • Read How To Get Your Dog Ready for 4th of July here.

To learn more about pain & OA, read our blogs:

If you’d like to schedule an appointment or discuss CBD for your pet, please call or text us at (843) 966-3362. You can also schedule an appointment online.

Our mission is to provide convenient, fear-free, personalized pet care and our blog allows us to share important educational content. To support our efforts, this page may contain affiliate links. We earn a commission for qualifying purchases – at no cost to you.

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