In this blog, we’ll review:

• What Is Kennel Cough?
• Causes & How It Spreads
• Symptoms to Watch For
• Variants & New Pathogens
• How Kennel Cough is Diagnosed
• Treatment Options
• Preventing Kennel Cough
• Final Thoughts
• References

What is Kennel Cough?

Kennel cough, also called Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex (CIRDC), is a common and highly contagious respiratory illness in dogs. It inflames the windpipe and airways, causing a persistent cough. The name “kennel cough” comes from its frequent spread in places where dogs are kept close together, like kennels, shelters, or dog daycare facilities.

Causes and How It Spreads

Kennel cough is caused by a mix of viruses and bacteria. The main culprits are:

• Bordetella bronchiseptica: A bacteria commonly found in kennel cough cases.
• Canine parainfluenza virus: A virus that triggers respiratory infections.
• Canine adenovirus type 2: Another virus linked to respiratory illness in dogs.

These germs spread easily when an infected dog coughs or sneezes, releasing droplets into the air. They can also stick to surfaces like food bowls or toys, allowing other dogs to catch the illness. The incubation period (time between exposure and symptoms) is 3 to 10 days, during which a dog can spread the disease without showing signs.

Symptoms to Watch For

The most common symptom is a dry, hacking cough that may sound like a “goose honk.” Other signs include:

• Gagging or retching, often during or after excitement or exercise.
• Sneezing.
• Runny nose or watery eyes.
• Fatigue, fever, or breathing difficulties in severe cases (especially in puppies or dogs with weak immune systems).

Variants and New Pathogens

Kennel cough can involve other germs, including:

• Canine influenza virus (CIV): Variants H3N2 and H3N8 cause flu-like symptoms.
• Canine respiratory coronavirus: Worsens symptoms when combined with other infections.
• Mycoplasma bacteria: Can act alone or alongside other infections.
• Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus: A newer pathogen linked to severe outbreaks.

The variety of germs involved can make diagnosis and treatment more complicated. Additionally, dogs may have multiple infections at once, which can worsen symptoms.

How Kennel Cough Is Diagnosed

Vets diagnose kennel cough using:

1. Symptoms and history: The cough and recent exposure to other dogs are key clues.
2. Tests (in more severe or lingering cases):
   • Chest X-rays: To check for lung or airway issues.
   • PCR testing: To identify the specific germs causing the illness.
   • Bacterial cultures: To determine if antibiotics are needed and which one(s) may work best.

Treatment Options

The treatment depends on how severe the illness is:

• Mild cases: Often resolve on their own with rest and avoiding airway irritants like smoke and excessive dust.
• Cough suppressants: Can reduce discomfort from persistent coughing. 
  • Do not use human cough suppressants unless directed to do so by your veterinarian.
• Antibiotics: Used if a bacterial infection is present or suspected.
• Severe cases: May require hospitalization, IV fluids, or oxygen therapy.

Always follow your vet’s advice, as incorrect medication use can cause complications or drug resistance, or even make your pet more sick.

Preventing Kennel Cough

Here’s how to reduce your dog’s risk:

1. Vaccinations:
   • Core vaccines protect against viruses like parainfluenza and adenovirus.
   • Additional vaccines are available for Bordetella and canine influenza, and are recommended for dogs at high risk.
   • Vaccines don’t cover every strain but help reduce severity and spread.
2. Hygiene: Regularly clean and disinfect shared spaces, bowls, and toys.
3. Limit exposure: Avoid crowded dog areas or contact with sick dogs during outbreaks.
4. Healthy habits: A good diet, regular exercise, and ensuring overall health in your dog helps to boost their immune system.

Final Thoughts

Kennel cough is a common but manageable illness, especially with prompt attention to symptoms and regular preventive care. Stay on top of your dog’s vaccinations and keep up with regular vet visits to ensure their overall health.

For more details, book a Tech-Connect appointment with Cheryl or contact your veterinarian.

References

1. American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). (n.d.). Canine infectious respiratory disease complex (kennel cough). Retrieved from https://www.avma.org.
2. Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. (2021). Canine infectious respiratory disease. Retrieved from https://www.vet.cornell.edu.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2022). Canine influenza (dog flu). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov.

Author: Cheryl Miller, RVT, CVBL, FFCP (Veterinary), VCC

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